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Exam Quick-Revision : Important Political Science Pointers-1


  • Key Doctrine: Parliamentary = Fusion of Powers | Presidential = Strict Separation of Powers.
  • Collective Responsibility: Article 75(3) specifies responsibility only to the Lok Sabha, not Parliament as a whole.
  • Six-Month Rule: Non-members can hold ministerial posts for up to 6 months (Articles 75(5) and 164(4)).
  • Republic vs. Monarchy: India has an elected Head of State; the UK has a hereditary monarch.
  • Legal Status: The Parliamentary System is protected under the Basic Structure Doctrine (Kesavananda Bharati, 1973).
  • Advisory Check: The Swaran Singh Committee (1976) explicitly turned down proposals to move to a presidential model.
  • Article 74(1): Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister aids and advises the President. The 42nd Amendment (1976) made this advice binding; the 44th Amendment (1978) permitted the President to return advice once for reconsideration, after which it is strictly binding.
  • Article 75(3): The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible specifically to the Lok Sabha (not to Parliament as a whole).
  • Article 75(5) & 164(4): An un-elected individual appointed as a Union or State Minister must get elected to the legislature within six consecutive months.
  • Swaran Singh Committee (1976): Evaluated shifting India to a presidential structure during the Emergency and firmly advised against it, stating the parliamentary model suited India's needs.
  • Basic Structure Doctrine: In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) and S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court ruled that the Parliamentary System of Government is part of the inviolable Basic Structure of the Constitution.
  • Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab (1974): Affirmed that the President and Governors act as constitutional heads relying on ministerial advice, except under specific discretionary circumstances.

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